At Oak Ridge and at the University of California, Berkeley, Ernest O . Lawrence developed electromagnetic separation for much of the uranium used in the first United States atomic bomb ( see Manhattan Project ).
22.
Shortly after receiving the baccalaureate degree, Gruen joined the team engaged in the large-scale electromagnetic separation of uranium-235, which was a part of the Manhattan Project during the second World War.
23.
The Americans stopped sharing any information on heavy water production, the manufacture of uranium hexafluoride, the method of electromagnetic separation, the physical or chemical properties of plutonium, the details of bomb design, or the facts about fast neutron reactions.
24.
The original research goal was to demonstrate the separation of uranium isotopes by electromagnetic separation methods, a topic of great strategic importance after world war II . To reach this goal, a number of novelanalytical instrumentation were developed, starting with the development of mass-spectrometric tools.
25.
The Plutonium electromagnetic separation takes place at the " New Laboratories ", a reprocessing plant, which was completed by 1981 by PAEC and is next to the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology ( PINSTECH ) near Islamabad, which is not subject to IAEA inspections and safeguards.
26.
Bell negotiated with Colonel Kenneth Nichols for the transfer of silver from the West Point Depository to the Manhattan Project, to substitute for scarce copper in the electromagnets used in the electromagnetic separation process at the Y-12 National Security Complex; eventually about 14, 700 tons of silver was used.
27.
Goals of Ardenne s Institute A included : ( 1 ) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, ( 2 ) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and ( 3 ) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which Max Steenbeck was the leader; Steenbeck was a colleague of Hertz at Siemens.
28.
Goals of Ardenne's Institute A included : ( 1 ) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, ( 2 ) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and ( 3 ) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which Max Steenbeck was the leader; Steenbeck was a colleague of Hertz at Siemens.
29.
Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, Goals of Manfred von Ardenne s Institute A included : ( 1 ) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, ( 2 ) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and ( 3 ) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which Max Steenbeck was the leader.
30.
Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, Goals of Manfred von Ardenne's Institute A included : ( 1 ) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, ( 2 ) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and ( 3 ) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which Max Steenbeck was the leader.
