Whenever the polarization ellipticity is changed, in the process, there is an exchange of SAM between light and the crystal.
22.
In weak gravitational lensing, the Jacobian is mapped out by observing the effect of the shear on the ellipticities of background galaxies.
23.
Image moments cannot generally be used to measure the ellipticity of galaxies without correcting for observational effects, particularly the point spread function.
24.
It is important to note that the definition of ellipticity in the previous part of the article is " strong ellipticity ".
25.
It is important to note that the definition of ellipticity in the previous part of the article is " strong ellipticity ".
26.
The final detected intensities at the fundamental and second harmonic of PEM operating frequency depend on the ellipticity and rotation introduced by the sample.
27.
Galaxies are not intrinsically circular, however, so it is necessary to quantify the effect of lensing on a non-zero ellipticity.
28.
Since the intensity or irradiance, I, of light is proportional to the square of the electric-field vector, the ellipticity becomes:
29.
Like the traditional ellipticity, the magnitudes of both of these quantities range from 0 ( circular ) to 1 ( a line segment ).
30.
For a reduced shear g ~ and unlensed complex ellipticities \ chi _ s ~ and \ epsilon _ s ~, the lensed ellipticities are
