Judea Pearl defines a causal model as an ordered triple \ langle U, V, E \ rangle, where U is a set of exogenous variables whose values are determined by factors outside the model; V is a set of endogenous variables whose values are determined by factors within the model; and E is a set of structural equations that express the value of each endogenous variable as a function of the values of the other variables in U and V.
22.
Fodor has co-written a book with the biolinguist Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini called " What Darwin Got Wrong " ( 2010 ) which describes neo-Darwinists as being " distressingly uncritical " and says of Darwin's theory of evolution that " it overestimates the contribution the environment makes in shaping the phenotype of a species and correspondingly underestimates the effects of endogenous variables . " Evolutionary biologist Jerry Coyne describes this book as " a profoundly misguided critique of natural selection " and " as biologically uninformed as it is strident ".
23.
Let's say we have a SEM written in the form Y \ Gamma + X \ Beta = \ epsilon, where Y is a row vector of endogenous variables ( M x 1 ), \ Gamma is a MxM matrix of coefficients, X is a row vector of exogenous variables ( K x 1 ) and \ Beta is a K x K matrix of coefficients ( \ Gamma and \ Beta are normalized so that the diagonal is 1 and both are subject to exclusion restrictions ) and \ epsilon is a row vector of errors which is M x 1.
