The ion current density is controlled by the ion source, the energy spread is determined primarily by the extraction grid, and the resolution is determined primarily by the optical column.
22.
Since all realistic beams have some, non-negligible, energy spread, any focusing scheme that relies purely on quadrupole magnets will result in the size of the beam " blowing up " with distance.
23.
If a distribution of particles with different kinetic energies is accelerated by a longitudinal electric field, the relative energy spread is reduced leading to less chromatic error for example in the electron microscope.
24.
The trap setup is connected to an electron beam ion source " EBIS " named CRYSIS which can deliver ions of stable ( not radioactive ) species with high charge states, low energy and low energy spread.
25.
The helium atom beam, with a very narrow energy spread of less than 1meV, is created through free adiabatic expansion of helium at a pressure of ~ 200bar into a low-vacuum chamber through a small ~ 5-10?m nozzle [ 5 ].
26.
Guitars in the 19th century were initially all ladder-braced and had their tonal energy spread over a lot of overtones ( a desirable characteristic in instruments of the early classical and romantic era ), as opposed to the more fundamental-rich guitars of Torres.
27.
When an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom ( i . e ., given new available energy states that are the same as existing states ), then total energy spreads over all available degrees equally without distinction between " new " and " old " degrees.
28.
Francisco Sanguino was one of the first to experiment with fan-bracing, then came P�ges and Panormo but Torres did not use it, so Panormo and P�ges still had more tonal energy spread over overtones, compared to the Torres guitars, which focus tonal energy more in the fundamental ( desirable in Spanish music ).
