| 21. | Phosphorylation of the basal body acts as a flagellar switch and changes the direction of rotation of the flagellum.
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| 22. | Hence the flagellar apparatus is clearly very flexible in evolutionary terms and perfectly able to lose or gain protein components.
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| 23. | In a decreasing attractant gradient, there is an increase in bacterial tumbling, produced by a clockwise flagellar rotation.
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| 24. | Tektins comprise a family of filament-forming proteins that are coassembled with tubulins to form ciliary and flagellar microtubules.
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| 25. | Swarming motility is the coordinated translocation of a bacterial population driven by flagellar rotation in film or on fluid surfaces.
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| 26. | Placodeal sensilla are visible only on flagellar segments F7 through F10; pedicel 1.4 times longer than wide.
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| 27. | As such, the protein that makes up the flagellar filament, flagellin, is quite similar among all flagellated bacteria.
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| 28. | The characteristic sheathed flagellar filaments of " Helicobacter " are composed of two copolymerized flagellins, FlaA and FlaB.
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| 29. | This process is responsible for ciliary / flagellar beating, as in the well-known example of the human sperm.
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| 30. | They are surprisingly very similar to modern genera, though with a greater number of flagellar segments and longer forewing veins.
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