For establishing Fresnel zones, first determine the RF Line of Sight ( RF LoS ), which in simple terms is a straight line between the transmitting and receiving antennas.
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When the terrain is hilly, the maximum distance can vary from as little as to due to encroachment of intermediate objects into the wide center fresnel zone of the signal.
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It has been shown that graphene lenses effectively concentrate light of ? = 850 nm onto a single point 120 um away from the Fresnel zone plate8 ( figure 5 ).
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Fresnel zones, used to analyze wave propagation and interference in space, are a series of concentric prolate spheroids with principal axes aligned along the direct line-of-sight between a transmitter and a receiver.
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A "'Fresnel zone "'( ), named for physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, is one of a series of concentric prolate ellipsoidal regions of space between and around a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna system.
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Unlike traditional reflector and lens antennas, however, the focusing effect in a Fresnel zone antenna is achieved by controlling the phase shifting property of the surface and allows for flat or arbitrary antenna shapes.
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When used at millimetre wave frequencies, a Fresnel zone antenna can be an integrated with the millimetre-wave monolithic integrated circuit ( MMIC ) and thus becomes even more competitive than a printed antenna array.
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Numerous examples can be made regarding the different regions of the Fresnel zone and whether the obstacles providing bounce are sides of buildings ( vertical ), or streets / flat roofs ( horizontal ).
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Laser broadband would connect the GBS to the network, which could then provide a large area of coverage because of its wider line of sight over the curvature of the Earth and unimpeded Fresnel zone.
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The cross sectional radius of each Fresnel zone is the longest at the midpoint of the RF LoS, For practical applications, it is often useful to know the maximum radius of the first Fresnel zone.
