In the last 50 years, the following procedures were most commonly performed to make the genitalia more typically female : virilization due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia; genital variations due, for example, to cloacal exstrophy; genital variations in infants with XY or mixed chromosomes to be raised as girls, such as gonadal dysgenesis, partial and complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, micropenis, cloacal and bladder exstrophy.
22.
"' XX gonadal dysgenesis "'is a type of female hypogonadism in which no functional ovaries are present to induce puberty in an otherwise normal girl whose karyotype is found to be 46, XX . With nonfunctional " streak " ovaries she is low in estrogen levels ( hypoestrogenic ) and has high levels of LH . Estrogen and progesterone therapy is usually then commenced.
