Because the imaging was conducted using an electron beam, Coulombic beam-orbital interaction that is often termed as the impact parameter effect is included in the final outcome ( see the figure at right ).
22.
"' Track significance "', in high energy collision experiments, is defined as the ratio between the impact parameter of a track ( distance from the primary vertex ) and the estimated error in it.
23.
These reactions are important at heavy ion colliders, because, with the large nuclear charges, the probability of multi-photon interactions in near grazing collisions ( impact parameter b just slightly above twice the nuclear radius ) is large.
24.
The differential of the cross section is the area element in the plane of the impact parameter, i . e . d \ sigma = d ^ 2 b, where d ^ b is the area element of the impact parameter.
25.
The differential of the cross section is the area element in the plane of the impact parameter, i . e . d \ sigma = d ^ 2 b, where d ^ b is the area element of the impact parameter.
26.
The distance " r " ?" does not change as the particle moves along the line; it represents the distance of closest approach of the line to the center "'O "'( the impact parameter ).
27.
The "'impact parameter "'b is defined as the perpendicular distance between the path of a projectile and the center of a potential field U ( r ) created by an object that the projectile is approaching ( see diagram ).
28.
The initial conditions ( the impact parameter of the collision, the number of up and down quarks in the colliding nuclei, and the fact that they contain no quarks of other flavors ) determine the chemical potentials . ( Reference for this section :, ).
29.
ALICE has recently presented plans for an upgraded Inner Tracking System, mainly based on building a new silicon tracker with greatly improved features in terms of determination of the impact parameter ( d0 ) to the primary vertex, tracking efficiency at low pT and readout rate capabilities.
30.
Since the scattering angle is uniquely determined for a given E and b, the number of particles scattered into an angle between \ Theta and \ Theta + d \ Theta must be the same as the number of particles with associated impact parameters between b and b + db.
