| 21. | The queens participate in a society of inclusive fitness rather than in a struggle for direct fitness.
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| 22. | Helpers primarily benefit from an inclusive fitness.
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| 23. | This work has led to many comments including strong criticism from the proponents of inclusive fitness theory.
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| 24. | The essentialist position emphasizes inclusive fitness as the reason homosexuality has not been eradicated by natural selection.
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| 25. | Nowak's paper, however, received major criticisms for erroneously separating inclusive fitness theory from " standard natural selection ".
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| 26. | Inclusive fitness theory thus does not imply that " organisms evolve to direct altruism towards genetic relatives ".
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| 27. | Components of fitness include the wellbeing of existing offspring, parents'future sexual reproduction, and inclusive fitness through aid to kin.
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| 28. | This is variously called " kin theory ", " kin selection theory " or " inclusive fitness theory ".
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| 29. | At the same time, it is understandable that Alexander took the inclusive fitness of individuals as a heuristic device.
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| 30. | Theories in evolutionary biology relevant to understanding social behavior may not be limited to frameworks such as inclusive fitness theory.
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