Given two independent samples, the overlap between their vocabularies enables a useful estimate of how many more vocabulary items exist but did not happen to show up in either sample.
22.
However, MDL avoids assuming that the underlying probability model is known; the MDL principle can also be applied without assumptions that e . g . the data arose from independent sampling.
23.
In the special case of " Z "-tests for the one or two sample location problem, the usual sample standard deviation is only appropriate if the data were collected as an independent sample.
24.
Researchers must submit an application and undergo evaluation by an independent Sample and Data Access Committee ( SDAC ) . eThe dataset is available to researchers in industry and academic institutions, nationally and internationally.
25.
For example, for two independent samples when the data distributions are asymmetric ( that is, the distributions are Mann Whitney " U " test ) can have three to four times higher power than the " t "-test.
26.
A very helpful observation is that for any distribution, the variance equals half the expected value of ( x _ 1-x _ 2 ) ^ 2 when x _ 1, x _ 2 are independent samples of that distribution.
27.
The history of this particular species is unclear, but they are believed to have descended from one stock collected by Dr . R . Miller in 1976; it appears that no other stocks descended from independent samples from this region.
28.
The IEMP involves independent sampling of publicly accessible areas around nuclear facilities in all segments of the nuclear fuel cycle, including uranium mines and mills, processing facilities, nuclear power plants, research and medical isotope production facilities, and waste management facilities.
29.
As a result, care must be taken if independent samples are desired ( typically by " thinning " the resulting chain of samples by only taking every " n " th value, e . g . every 100th value ).
30.
Also in 2016, a meta-analytic synthesis of prior empirical research on grit by Crede, Tynan, and Harms summarized data from 88 independent samples and over 66, 000 individuals and found that grit is only weakly related to success and almost identical to the personality trait known as conscientiousness.
