Penning ionization occurs when the target molecule has an ionization potential lower than the internal energy of the excited-state atom or molecule.
22.
In general, as a molecule becomes more protonated, the ionization potentials increase and the kinetic energy of the emitted outer shell electrons decreases.
23.
The local ionization potential map ( the property of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital mapped upon the electron density ) can provide an indicatory for nucleophilicity.
24.
Hf-W and Lu-Hf ) are difficult or impossible to analyse by TIMS, due to the high ionization potential of the elements involved.
25.
For this ionization process to take place, the energy of the excited state gas molecule must be higher than the ionization potential of the neutral molecule.
26.
Nevertheless, they have attracted interest because of their stability and symmetry, a relatively low ionization potential, delayed ionization, and possibly interesting magnetic properties.
27.
This results in the HOMO energy being too high in energy, so that any predictions for the ionization potential based on Koopman's theorem are poor.
28.
The second table below shows the trend in the sum of the first three ionization potentials for the elements group 13 elements this sequence shows a smooth reduction.
29.
The method could only ionize elements with ionization potentials below the work function of the filament ( ~ 8 eV ), typically alkali and alkaline earth metal.
30.
The electron donating power of a donor molecule is measured by its ionization potential which is the energy required to remove an electron from the highest occupied molecular orbital.
