Both type I and type II topoisomerases change the linking number ( L ) of DNA . Type IA topoisomerases change the linking number by one, type IB and type IC topoisomerases change the linking number by any integer, whereas type IIA and type IIB topoisomerases change the linking number by two.
22.
Both type I and type II topoisomerases change the linking number ( L ) of DNA . Type IA topoisomerases change the linking number by one, type IB and type IC topoisomerases change the linking number by any integer, whereas type IIA and type IIB topoisomerases change the linking number by two.
23.
Both type I and type II topoisomerases change the linking number ( L ) of DNA . Type IA topoisomerases change the linking number by one, type IB and type IC topoisomerases change the linking number by any integer, whereas type IIA and type IIB topoisomerases change the linking number by two.
24.
Both type I and type II topoisomerases change the linking number ( L ) of DNA . Type IA topoisomerases change the linking number by one, type IB and type IC topoisomerases change the linking number by any integer, whereas type IIA and type IIB topoisomerases change the linking number by two.
25.
The choice of root of unity is related to the linking number of the Wilson loop and the vortex .'t Hooft claimed that this apparently non-local commutation relation implies that any phase of a Yang-Mills gauge theory must either contain massless particles, responsible for the interactions between the't Hooft operator and the Wilson loop, or else at least one of the two operators must be confined by an object one dimension higher.
26.
The first ( 2-fold ) Milnor invariant is simply the linking number ( just as the 2-fold Massey product is the cup product, which is dual to intersection ), while the 3-fold Milnor invariant measures whether 3 pairwise unlinked circles are Borromean rings, and if so, in some sense, how many times ( i . e ., Borromean rings have a Milnor 3-fold invariant of 1 or 1, depending on order, but other 3-element links can have an invariant of 2 or more, just as linking numbers can be greater than 1 ).
27.
The first ( 2-fold ) Milnor invariant is simply the linking number ( just as the 2-fold Massey product is the cup product, which is dual to intersection ), while the 3-fold Milnor invariant measures whether 3 pairwise unlinked circles are Borromean rings, and if so, in some sense, how many times ( i . e ., Borromean rings have a Milnor 3-fold invariant of 1 or 1, depending on order, but other 3-element links can have an invariant of 2 or more, just as linking numbers can be greater than 1 ).
