BMAL1 has also been identified as a candidate gene for susceptibility to hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, and mutations in BMAL1 have been linked to infertility, gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis problems, and altered sleep patterns.
22.
In an effort to explain obesity-related reductions in SHBG, recent evidence suggests sugar or monosaccharide-induced hepatic lipogenesis, hepatic lipids in general, and cytokines like TNF-alpha and Interleukin reduce SHBG, whereas insulin does not.
23.
"Zugunruhe " has been artificially induced in experiments by simulating long days . Some studies on White-crowned Sparrows have suggested that prolactin is involved in the pre-migratory hyperphagia ( feeding ), fattening and " Zugunruhe " however others have found that prolactin may merely be associated with lipogenesis ( fat accumulation ).
24.
In addition to protein, Fructose, a carbohydrate, has impact on fat deposition, plasma insulin, leptin, thyroid, estradiol, and corticosterone levels, lipogenesis, and lipolysis in the adipose tissue of the rat . " Glucose-sweetened beverages, " however, did not caused as significant influence as " fructose-sweetened beverages " in promoting visceral adipose, gaining weight, interrupting lipid syntheses, and damaging lipoprotien rebuilding process.
25.
High plasma levels of insulin in the blood plasma ( e . g . after meals ) cause the dephosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, thus promoting the formation of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA, and consequently the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids, while epinephrine and glucagon ( released into the blood during starvation and exercise ) cause the phosphorylation of this enzyme, inhibiting lipogenesis in favor of fatty acid oxidation via beta-oxidation.
