Tuna and Amos have summarized the mutation frequencies per megabase ( Mb ) in some carcinomas, as shown in the table ( along with the indicated frequencies of mutations per genome ).
22.
A 2006 study published in the Journal of Experimental Therapeutics and Oncology indicated that Colostrinin may affect the aging process by reducing the spontaneous or induced mutation frequency in the DNA of cells.
23.
The Adenium company reports that the Arenicin-3 compound has a 10-11 spontaneous mutation frequency, a measure of the chances that bacteria can evolve a resistance mechanism to the compound.
24.
Recombination frequency even exceeds the frame shift mutation frequency ( slipped strand mispairing ) of ( average fast ) Y-STRs, however many recombination products may lead to infertile germ cells and " daughter out ".
25.
The process is called somatic hypermutation and is responsible for introducing spontaneous mutations with a frequency of about 1 in every 1600 cell division ( a relatively high frequency considering the low mutation frequency of other cells of the body being 1 in 10 6 cell divisions ).
26.
Deficiency of DNA repair proteins PMS2, MLH1, MSH2, MSH3, MSH6 or BRCA2 can cause up to 100-fold increases in mutation frequency Epigenetic deficiencies in DNA repair gene protein expression have been found in many cancers, though not all deficiencies have been evaluated in all cancers.
27.
On the basis of whole genome sequencing, cancers are found to have thousands to hundreds of thousands of mutations in their whole genomes . ( Also see Mutation frequencies in cancers . ) By comparison, the mutation frequency in the whole genome between generations for humans ( parent to child ) is about 70 new mutations per generation.
28.
On the basis of whole genome sequencing, cancers are found to have thousands to hundreds of thousands of mutations in their whole genomes . ( Also see Mutation frequencies in cancers . ) By comparison, the mutation frequency in the whole genome between generations for humans ( parent to child ) is about 70 new mutations per generation.
29.
Furthermore, mutation frequency can vary between cancer types : in germline cells, mutation rates occur at approximately 0.023 mutations per megabase, but this number is much higher in breast cancer ( 1.18-1.66 mutations per Mb ), in lung cancer ( 17.7 ) or in melanomas ( ~ 33 ).
30.
ERCC1, PMS2 double mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells, when exposed to Ultraviolet light ( a DNA damaging agent ), showed a 7, 375-fold greater mutation frequency than wild type Chinese hamster ovary cells, and a 967-fold greater mutation frequency than the cells defective in ERCC1, alone . and account for the presence of the cells doubly deficient in PMS2 and ERCC1 [ or PMS2 and ERCC4 ( XPF ) ] in field defects associated with colon cancer.
