In these models, certain occupations are considered to be desirable and influential, while others are considered to be menial, repetitive, and unpleasant . ( In some cases, non-occupational roles such as a parent or volunteer mentor, are also considered . ) Generally, the higher the ranking on such a scale, the higher the skill and education levels required to perform it.
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For example, Catherine Turco explored the leverage buyout ( LBO ) industry and determined that by casting the ideal investor as one who puts commitment to work above all else, the LBO image implicitly specifies another social role that of mother as mutually incompatible with the occupational role . Similarly, lab experiments and audit studies found that a motherhood penalty exists that can negatively affect wages and performance evaluations.
