In 1973, he became interested in developing biophysical applications of spectroscopy, and used membrane research, optical methods for monitoring the translational and rotational mobility of membrane components.
22.
Ultrafast processes operating at picosecond, femtosecond, and even attosecond scale are both driven by, and studied using, optical methods that are at the front line of modern science.
23.
In 1951 he joined Imperial College as a Research Assistant, obtaining his Ph . D . in 1954 for developing novel optical methods to analyse the structure of flames.
24.
Optical engineering metrology uses optical methods to measure micro-vibrations with instruments like the laser speckle interferometer or to measure the properties of the various masses with instruments measuring refraction.
25.
At the Technical University Clausthal Ernst Bauer built up a broadly based surface science group encompassing a large variety of electron and ion beam techniques as well as optical methods.
26.
As described here, "'white light interferometry "'is a non-contact optical method for surface height measurement on 3-D structures with surface profiles varying between tens of nanometers and a few centimeters.
27.
Another family, which may be solved with electro-optical methods, radar, or a combination, is detecting wakes of surface vessels, as well as effects on the water surface caused by underwater vessels and weapons.
28.
There are a number of devices which can be used to measure slip angle on a vehicle as it moves; some use optical methods, some use inertial methods, some GPS and some both GPS and inertial.
29.
Contact temperature measurement is impossible because of the chemically aggressive and abrasive nature of the hot clinker, and optical methods such as infrared pyrometry are difficult because of the dust and fume-laden atmosphere in the burning zone.
30.
There are various proprietary optical smoke measurement devices such as the'nephelometer'or the'aethalometer'which use several different optical methods, including more than one wavelength of light, inside a single instrument and apply an algorithm to give a good estimate of smoke.
