Other examples of pleiotropy are albinism, sickle cell anemia, and certain forms of autism and schizophrenia.
22.
Like with pleiotropy, traits could reach fixation in a population as a by-product of selection for another.
23.
One example for costs related to gene pleiotropy was found for coevolving " Escherichia coli " and bacteriophages.
24.
An example of pleiotropy is phenylketonuria, which is an inherited disorder that affects the level of phenylalanine in the body.
25.
Cytokine redundancy is associated with the term cytokine pleiotropy, which refers to the ability of cytokines to exert multiple actions.
26.
This concept would later be adapted into Medawar's 1952 George C . Williams in his 1957 antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis.
27.
This idea is central to the antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis, which was first developed by G . C . Williams in 1957.
28.
Antagonistic pleiotropy is a prevailing theory today, but this is largely by default, and not because the theory has been well verified.
29.
The survival of many serious genetic disorders in our long evolutionary history has led researchers to reassess the role of antagonistic pleiotropy in disease.
30.
It includes the classical concepts of pleiotropy, robustness, neutral networks, modularity, the G-matrix and distribution of fitness effects.
