The "'Mulholland Formation "'is a Pliocene epoch geologic formation in the Berkeley Hills and San Leandro Hills of the Contra Costa County.
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The Pleistocene and Pliocene epochs, taken together, ran from about 5 . 3 million years ago to about 10, 000 years ago.
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The shift to a Mediterranean climate occurred within the last 3.2 2.8 million years, during the Pliocene epoch, as summer rainfall decreased.
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""'Aepyceros datoadeni " "'is an extinct impala which lived in what is now Ethiopia during the Pliocene epoch around 3 million years ago.
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However, due to its co-existence with " C . megalodon " during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, it is regarded as a morpho-species.
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Another species, " G . colombianus ", has been recovered from deposits in Colombia that date back to the Miocene and Pliocene epochs.
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Fossils similar to " Archaeopotamus " have been dated to as recently as about 2 million years ago, the end of the Pliocene epoch.
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A lake covered the region during the Pliocene epoch, which was gradually filled with sediments, and the surface of the basin is very flat.
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Around three million years ago, during the Pliocene epoch, Central America emerged from the sea, effectively cutting off currents between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans.
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At the end of the Pliocene epoch Subcarpathia was an accumulative-denudational peneplain covered by fluvial deposits of sand, silt, and clay originating from the Carpathians.
