In the 1980s he turned to the study of the interaction of dislocations with interstitial hydrogen, acting as a mobile point defect, and hence on reliable methods for electrolytically introducing H in the samples, controlling the occurrence of hydride precipitation.
22.
In reality, however, crystals are not perfectly periodic; atoms vibrate about their mean position, and there may be disorder of various types, such as mosaicity, dislocations, various point defects, and heterogeneity in the conformation of crystallized molecules.
23.
On adding a dissimilar atom or phase, such as a small amount of carbon to iron, it is interstitial particles ( point defects ) in the crystal lattice of the iron, and dislocations will not be able to move as easily as before.
24.
The result of a radiation damage event is, if the energy given to a lattice atom is above the threshold displacement energy, the creation of a collection of point defects ( vacancies and interstitials ) and clusters of these defects in the crystal lattice.
25.
"' Anthophyllite "'is an amphibole mineral : & Mg 2 Mg 5 Si 8 O 22 ( OH ) 2 ( & is for a vacancy, a point defect in the crystal structure ), magnesium iron polymorphic with cummingtonite.
26.
The fact that radiative recombination is slow in indirect band gap materials also means that, under most circumstances, radiative recombinations will be a small proportion of total recombinations, with most recombinations being non-radiative, taking place at point defects or at grain boundaries.
27.
The H isotope composition of mantle water is around-800 ~-500 depending on its states such as fluid, hydrous phase, hydroxyl point defect, Juvenile water ( from degassing of the mantle ), magmatic water ( water equilibrated with a magma ).
28.
Other possible causes of chromosome loss that could lead to micronuclei formation are defects in kinetochore and microtubule interactions, defects in mitotic spindle assembly, mitosis check point defects, abnormal centrosome amplification, and telomeric end fusions that result in dicentric chromosomes that detach from the spindle during anaphase.
29.
Around 1930, the concept of point defects was established by Yakov Frenkel, Walter Schottky and Carl Wagner, including the development of point-defect thermodynamics by Schottky and Wagner; this helped explain ionic and electronic transport in ionic crystals, ion-conducting glasses, polymer electrolytes and nanocomposites.
30.
Watkins has done research on " the physics of defects in solids, radiation damage, electronic structure of deep levels in semiconductors, nuclear and electron paramagnetic resonance, optical spectroscopy, optical detection of magnetic resonance, and deep level transient capacitance spectroscopy of point defects in solids . " His research focused on defects in semiconductors ( including defects caused by radiation ) and exploration of such defects with magnetic resonance techniques ( electron spin resonance and electron nuclear double resonance ).
