Memory is influenced by practice effects, the concept that greater practice with an item results in easier retrieval; retention effects, which means that memories grow less likely to be retrieved as a longer period of time passes, and spacing effects, in which memories are more easily recalled if they are encoded into memory over a longer time interval.
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In particular, the VRFCAT Total Time demonstrated good test-retest reliability ( ICC = . 80 in young adults; ICC = . 64 in older adults ) and insignificant practice effects; the Total Time variable also had high correlations with cognitive performance across age groups ( r = . 79 in young adult, r = . 66 in older adults ).
