While at Harvard, Gibbs switched advisors, completing her PhD under the advisement of George Chapman, studying the pyrenoid structure in algae, as well as the ultrastructure of the chloroplast itself.
22.
The discovery of pyrenoid deficient mutants with normal starch grains in the green alga " Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ", as well as starchless mutants with perfectly formed pyrenoids, eventually discredited this hypothesis.
23.
In the unicellular red alga " Porphyridium purpureum " and in the green alga " Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ", there is a single highly conspicuous pyrenoid in a single chloroplast, visible using light microscopy.
24.
Mutagenic work on " Chlamydomonas " has shown that the Rubisco small subunit is important for pyrenoid assembly, and that two solvent exposed alpha-helices of the Rubisco small subunit are key to the process.
25.
Phosphoglycolate is recycled through a sequence of reactions called photorespiration, which involves enzymes and cytochromes located in the mitochondria and peroxisomes ( this is a case of carbon fixation, crassulacean acid metabolism, and the use of pyrenoid.
26.
It was not before the early 1970s that the proteinaceous nature of the pyrenoid was elucidated, when pyrenoids were successfully isolated from a green alga, and showed that up to 90 % of it was composed of biochemically active Rubisco.
27.
The entire protein diversity and composition of the pyrenoid has yet to be fully elucidated, but thus far, a number of proteins other than Rubisco have been shown to localise to the pyrenoid; namely, rubisco activase, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase.
28.
The entire protein diversity and composition of the pyrenoid has yet to be fully elucidated, but thus far, a number of proteins other than Rubisco have been shown to localise to the pyrenoid; namely, rubisco activase, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase.
29.
The CCM is only induced during periods of low CO 2 levels, and it was the existence of these trigger levels of CO 2 below which CCMs are induced that led researchers to speculate on the likely timing of origin of mechanisms like the pyrenoid.
30.
In the dinoflagellate " Gonyaulax ", the localisation of Rubisco to the pyrenoid is under circadian control : when cells are photosynthetically active during the day, Rubisco assembles into multiple chloroplasts at the centre of the cells; at night, these structures disappear.
