| 21. | The surface of cold cathodes can emit secondary electrons at a ratio greater than unity ( breakdown ).
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| 22. | Where V _ \ mathrm { b } is the breakdown potential in volts Secondary Electron Emission Coefficient.
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| 23. | Faraday cups are used e . g . in mass spectrometers being an alternative to secondary electron multipliers.
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| 24. | X-rays generate secondary electrons as in the cases of extreme ultraviolet lithography and electron beam lithography.
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| 25. | It may also be related to secondary electron or process-related edge blur from closer neighboring line ends.
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| 26. | These plots include : orbital motion limited theory, photoemission, secondary electron emission, and secondary ion emission.
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| 27. | Hence, it is important to recognize the significant contribution of secondary electrons to the spread of the energy deposition.
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| 28. | Cold cathodes rely on field electron emission or secondary electron emission from positive ion bombardment and do not require heating.
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| 29. | Advanced surface interactions can be modeled, including user-defined secondary electron emission, sputtering, and surface charging.
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| 30. | Instead, cytochrome b559 could participate in a secondary electron transport pathway that helps protect PSII from photo-damage.
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