*The shearing force " T " may be crucial in the case of short and continuous elements, subject to bending so that " W " does not fall below a given value, regardless of the reduction of the slenderness " L / H ".
22.
The cause of pain and dysfunction often results from either abnormal forces ( e . g . increased pull of the lateral quadriceps retinaculum with acute or chronic lateral PF subluxation / dislocation ) or prolonged repetitive compressive or shearing forces ( running or jumping ) on the PF joint.
23.
A common cause of the banding is the subjection of the protolith ( the original rock material that undergoes metamorphism ) to extreme shearing force, a sliding force similar to the pushing of the top of a deck of cards in one direction, and the bottom of the deck in the other direction.
24.
These changes are more pronounced as time progresses after injury, and are evidenced by end plate osteophytosis, disc damage, disc narrowing, desiccation and disc bulging . A retrolisthesis hyperloads at least one disc and puts shearing forces on the anterior longtitudinal ligament, the annular rings, nucleus pulposus, cartilage end plates and capsular ligaments.
25.
The fish, which are about 6 inches long and, in the earliest versions, coated in rubber, include accelerometers that can measure the effect of the turbulence, the pressure changes and the shearing forces that occur as the fish are bounced and buffeted through the turbine and through an outflow tunnel, called a draft tube.
26.
In comparing the skulls of carnivores and herbivores, it can be seen that the shearing force of the temporalis is somewhat more important to carnivores, which have more room on the braincase ( this is not unrelated to carnivoran intelligence ) and commonly develop a sagittal crest ( running from posterior to anterior on the skull ), providing yet additional room for temporalis attachment.
