Its blades are wedge-shaped to force cavitation at the leading edge and to avoid water skin friction along the whole forward face.
22.
The above lift equation neglects the skin friction forces, which typically have a negligible contribution to the lift compared to the pressure forces.
23.
The drag coefficient of any object comprises the effects of the two basic contributors to fluid dynamic drag : skin friction and form drag.
24.
The skin friction lines may exhibit a number of different types of singularities : attachment nodes, detachment nodes, Isotropic nodes, Saddle points, and foci.
25.
Its blades are wedge-shaped to force cavitation on the whole forward face, starting at the leading edge, in order to reduce water skin friction.
26.
However, the same velocity profile which gives the laminar boundary layer its low skin friction also causes it to be badly affected by adverse pressure gradients.
27.
At high Reynolds number ( Re ~ 10 2 ), both skin friction and form force act to generate drag, but only form force produces thrust.
28.
There are two ways to decrease skin friction : the first is to shape the moving body so that smooth flow is possible, like an airfoil.
29.
The equivalent skin friction coefficient accounts for both separation drag and skin friction drag and is a fairly consistent value for aircraft types of the same class.
30.
It is said that Magnus himself wrongly postulated a theoretical effect with laminar flow due to skin friction and viscosity as the cause of the Magnus effect.
