Scruton is critical of sociobiological explanations of human behaviour, as put forward, for example by E . O . Wilson in " On Human Nature " ( 1978 ).
22.
An observable difference in crime rates between men and women might be due to social and cultural factors, crimes going unreported, or to biological factors ( for example, testosterone or sociobiological theories ).
23.
But every change has a negative side, and it's easy to imagine an increasing understanding of genetics exploited in support of troubling sociobiological theories that try to assign intelligence or violent tendencies along racial lines.
24.
Gould's primary criticism held that human sociobiological explanations lacked evidential support, and argued that adaptive behaviors are frequently assumed to be genetic for no other reason than their supposed universality, or their adaptive nature.
25.
A student of Talcott Parsons at Harvard ( receiving the Ph . D . in 1960 ), he nevertheless had little interest in structural functionalism and was one of the first proponents of sociobiological approaches to social phenomena.
26.
As with the earlier sociobiological forays into the cross-cultural data, typical approaches are not able to find explanatory fit with the findings of ethnographers insofar that human kinship patterns are not necessarily built upon blood-ties.
27.
The sociobiological theories of rape are highly controversial, as traditional theories typically do not consider rape to be a behavioral adaptation, and objections to this theory are made on ethical, religious, political, as well as scientific grounds.
28.
Although this is controversial, coming under some of the same kinds of attack as the application of sociobiological theory to human behavior, it does represent a convergence of ideas from human ecology and economic anthropology that has proved fruitful and interesting.
29.
Specifically, Butler's stories feature gene manipulation, interbreeding, miscegenation, symbiosis, mutation, alien contact, non-consensual sex, contamination, and other forms of hybridity as the means to correct the sociobiological causes of hierarchical violence.
30.
Holland also notes that Kitcher, in his critique of the sociobiological position, suggested that perhaps the expression of social behaviors in humans might quite simply be based on cues of context and familiarity, rather than genetic relatedness " per se ".
