| 21. | The two commonest effects are efflorescence and spalling.
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| 22. | There is considerable spalling of exterior concrete surfaces.
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| 23. | When such bubbles collapse, a localized high pressure can cause spalling on adjacent surfaces.
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| 24. | The greater the mismatch, the greater the effect of creasing and spalling will be.
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| 25. | The warping and spalling resulting from contact with detonating explosives is used for artistic effect.
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| 26. | More severe cases involve pumping of fines, spalling, and loose pieces of pavement.
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| 27. | Polypropylene fibres are used as a concrete additive to increase strength and reduce cracking and spalling.
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| 28. | Big rocks which would not fit on the sled would be broken up with spalling hammers.
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| 29. | Replacing the spalling bricks is a good idea, but what would two coats of sealer cost?
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| 30. | However, concrete can be subject to spalling, particularly if it has an elevated moisture content.
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