Spinal anesthesia was first used in 1885, but not introduced into clinical practice until 1899, when August Bier subjected himself to a clinical experiment in which he observed the anesthetic effect, but also the typical side effect of postpunctural headache.
22.
In 1919 he founded, together with doctor Ram�rez de la Mata the " Revista Espa�ola de Cirug�a " ( ), where he published a great number of comments and articles about anesthesia ( on Le Filliatre's total spinal anesthesia ).
23.
The FDA is asking manufacturers to place a black box warning on the labels of the affected drugs detailing the risk of spinal bleeding, and is warning doctors to closely monitor surgical patients who receive the drugs along with spinal anesthesia.
24.
Because they can also produce quite high but controlled pressures, they can inject controlled amounts of fluids subcutaneously ( beneath the skin ), or epidurally ( just within the surface of the central nervous system a very popular local spinal anesthesia for childbirth ).
25.
Other causes include spinal lesions and tumors, spinal infections or inflammation, lumbar spinal stenosis, trauma to the lower back, birth abnormalities, spinal arteriovenous malformations ( AVMs ), spinal hemorrhages ( subarachnoid, subdural, epidural ), narrowing of the spinal canal, postoperative lumbar spine surgery complications or spinal anesthesia.
26.
In 1943 Dr Perrotta and Dr . Koster published Elective Painless Rapid Childbirth Anticipating Labour ( by procaine spinal anesthesia ) Experimental Medicine and Surgery 1943, vol 1 ( pp 143-147 ) At that time in medicine, the common use of spinal anesthesia during childbirth was only just being introduced.
27.
In 1943 Dr Perrotta and Dr . Koster published Elective Painless Rapid Childbirth Anticipating Labour ( by procaine spinal anesthesia ) Experimental Medicine and Surgery 1943, vol 1 ( pp 143-147 ) At that time in medicine, the common use of spinal anesthesia during childbirth was only just being introduced.
28.
In 1950, researchers at the Cleveland City Hospital ran experiments to study changes in cerebral blood flow : they injected people with spinal anesthesia, and inserted needles into their jugular veins and brachial arteries to extract large quantities of blood and, after massive blood loss which caused paralysis and fainting, measured their blood pressure.
29.
The article explained how Pag�s, who had frequently performed spinal anesthesias, developed the idea of injecting the anesthetics through the lumbar space between the 4th and 5th vertebrae, described 43 operations using this technique, provided details on each step and advised on the right dose of anesthesics ( twice as much as was previously recommended in similar techniques ).
