The Meissner effect is distinct from this : when an ordinary conductor is cooled so that it makes the transition to a superconducting state in the presence of a constant applied magnetic field, the magnetic flux is expelled during the transition.
22.
Based on complex order parameter field, " ? ", which is nonzero below a phase transition into a superconducting state and is related to the density of the superconducting component, although no direct interpretation of this parameter was given in the original paper.
23.
It is possible to make pieces of superconductor with a large built-in persistent current, either by creating the superconducting state ( cooling the material ) while charge is flowing through it, or by changing the magnetic field around the superconductor after creating the superconducting state.
24.
It is possible to make pieces of superconductor with a large built-in persistent current, either by creating the superconducting state ( cooling the material ) while charge is flowing through it, or by changing the magnetic field around the superconductor after creating the superconducting state.
25.
Cardona's main interests have been in the fields Raman Scattering ( and other optical spectroscopies ) as applied to semiconductor microstructures, materials with tailor-made isotopic compositions, and high T-c superconductors, particularly investigations of electronic and vibronic excitations in the normal and superconducting state.
26.
In France since 1991, his activities include basic research ( ultimately confined superconductivity, quantum vortex, proximity phenomena in hybrid systems, near-critical superconducting states, superconductivity of atomic layers at surfaces in relation with spin-orbit interaction, metal-insulator transition etc . ) and engineering of high precision cryogenic equipment for scientific research.
27.
Similarities between the antiferromagnetic low-temperature state of the undoped materials and the superconducting state that emerges upon doping, primarily the " d " x 2-y 2 orbital state of the Cu 2 + ions, suggest that electron-electron interactions are more significant than electron-phonon interactions in cuprates making the superconductivity unconventional.
28.
Examples of second-order phase transitions are the ferromagnetic transition, superconducting transition ( for a Type-I superconductor the phase transition is second-order at zero external field and for a Type-II superconductor the phase transition is second-order for both normal state-mixed state and mixed state-superconducting state transitions ) and the superfluid transition.
29.
The method gives a simple representation of the magnetic field distribution generated by a magnet ( a system of magnets ) outside an infinitely flat surface of a perfectly hard ( with infinite pinning force ) type-II superconductor in more general field cooled ( FC ) case, i . e . when the superconductor goes into superconducting state been already exposed to the magnetic field.
