Paclitaxel is sometimes used for in vivo studies as well; it can be fed to test organisms, such as fruit flies, or injected into individual cells, to inhibit microtubule disassembly or to increase the number of microtubules in the cell.
22.
In toxicology it is specifically the highest tested dose or concentration of a substance ( i . e . a drug or chemical ) or agent ( e . g . radiation ), at which no such adverse effect is found in exposed test organisms where higher doses or concentrations resulted in an adverse effect.
23.
This same trait makes " A . ceylanicum " a uniquely useful hookworm, since it can be studied in the laboratory while infecting golden hamsters, unlike most or all strains of " A . duodenale ", and thus can also be used as a test organism for possible drugs or vaccines aimed at preventing human infections.
24.
To calculate phenol coefficient, the concentration of phenol at which the compound kills the test organism in 10 minutes, but not in 5 minutes, is divided by the concentration of the test compound that kills the organism under the same conditions ( or, probably more common, dividing the dilution factor at which the tested substance shows activity by the dilution factor at which phenol shows comparable activity ).
