| 21. | These fungal hyphae are usually what attach the thallus firmly to the substrate.
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| 22. | Apothecia have usually black concave discs, with exciple margins of thallus tissue.
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| 23. | A kelp, for example, may have its thallus divided into three regions.
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| 24. | Oakmoss thallus is flat and strap-like.
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| 25. | The grouping of the spores found in the thallus favors interpretation as a plant.
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| 26. | It forms calcium carbonate deposits within its cells which serve to strengthen the thallus.
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| 27. | The thallus attaches to a surface by means of small root-like rhizines.
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| 28. | This too can reproduce via monospores, which are produced inside the thallus itself.
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| 29. | The thallus of a crustose lichen has a patchwork or crazy-paving appearance.
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| 30. | They occasionally divide into equal secondary branches, usually well above the thallus base.
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