Two in number in each space, these small vessels pass lateralward, one lying near the lower margin of the rib above, and the other near the upper margin of the rib below, and anastomose with the posterior intercostal arteries from the thoracic aorta.
22.
The beneficial effect of hypothermia on ischaemic intact kidneys was demonstrated by Owens in 1955 when he showed that, if dogs were cooled to 23-26 �C, and their thoracic aortas were occluded for 2 hours, their kidneys showed no apparent damage when the dogs were rewarmed.
23.
The term "'para-aortic body "'is also sometimes used to describe it, as it usually arises near the abdominal aorta, but this term can be the source of confusion, because the term " corpora paraaortica " is also used to describe the aortic body, which arises near the thoracic aorta.
24.
GCA affects arteries of the head and neck, including the three arteries that branch out from the arch of the ascending aorta, and their branches the thoracic aorta, the axillary arteries, the vertebral arteries, and further on in the head in the ophthalmic and external carotid arteries ( the temporal and occipital arteries ).
