It has also been used to diagnose severity of left ventricular failure and mitral stenosis, given that elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure strongly suggests left ventricular output.
22.
Transudative pleural effusions are defined as effusions that are caused by " systemic " factors that alter the pleural equilibrium, or left ventricular failure, kidney failure, liver failure, and cirrhosis.
23.
The FDA approved the temporary artificial heart for patients awaiting heart transplants who don't respond to other treatment and who are likely to die within 30 days due to non-reversible, bi-ventricular failure.
24.
In the absence of isolated right ventricular failure, seen in some patients with right ventricular infarction, a positive abdominojugular test suggests a pulmonary artery wedge pressure of 15 mm Hg or greater.
25.
In left ventricular failure, there may be evidence of vascular redistribution ( " upper lobe blood diversion " or " cephalization " ), Kerley lines, cuffing of the areas around the bronchi, and interstitial edema.
26.
In particular sinus node dysfunction, atrial arrhythmias, ventricular arrhythmias including sudden cardiac arrhythmic death, heart failure due to anatomically right ventricular failure or venous obstruction at the level of the baffle or caval anatomy have been described.
27.
Additional signs indicating left ventricular failure include a laterally displaced apex beat ( which occurs if the heart is enlarged ) and a gallop rhythm ( additional heart sounds ) may be heard as a marker of increased blood flow, or increased intra-cardiac pressure.
28.
Rupture of the intraventricular septum ( the muscle separating the left and right ventricles ) causes a ventricular septal defect with shunting of blood through the defect from the left side of the heart to the right side of the heart, which can lead to right ventricular failure as well as pulmonary overcirculation.
