Zahm testified that earlier experimental gliders and glider designs and publications, before those of the Wrights, had included a variety of monoplane and biplane designs, with horizontal and vertical rudders, and steering concepts of ailerons and wing warping.
22.
To climb and descend in the aircraft, the vertically mounted lever, " . . . is moved fore and aft, thus causing the front edge of the rudder [ tailplane, none of Watson's aeroplanes were fitted with a vertical rudder.
23.
The patent also describes the steerable rear vertical rudder and its innovative use in combination with wing-warping, enabling the airplane to make a " coordinated turn ", a technique that prevents hazardous " adverse yaw ", the problem Wilbur had when trying to turn the 1901 glider.
24.
Canted vertical stabilizers are another distinguishing design element, one among several other such elements that enable the Hornet's excellent high angle of attack ability include oversized horizontal stabilators, oversized trailing edge flaps that operate as flaperons, large full-length leading edge slats, and flight control computer programming that multiplies the movement of each control surface at low speeds and moves the vertical rudders inboard instead of simply left and right.
