Forms of read-only memory were employed as non-volatile storage for programs in most early stored-program computers, such as ENIAC latch ( comprising 5-20 transistors ) to retain its contents, while a ROM cell might consist of the absence ( logical 0 ) or presence ( logical 1 ) of one transistor connecting a bit line to a word line.
22.
The basic premise is that every packet is sequenced and if not individually acknowledged then it will be resent until it is acknowledged by any CGF . Normal Data Record packets are immediately written to non-volatile storage ( e . g . disk ), but resent packets are marked as " possibly duplicated " and enter a special queue that is not immediately written to non-volatile storage a second confirmation from the CDF is required.
23.
Embedded devices can, usually, assume the type, characteristics, and location of their memory devices will remain constant after manufacture ( often because the DRAM devices are surface mounted onto the main board, and can't be swapped or upgraded afterwards ), and so can safely read RAM config parameters from the non-volatile storage and know a-priori that they'll work .-- Talk 20 : 00, 11 December 2015 ( UTC)
24.
"' Non-volatile memory "', "'nonvolatile memory "', "'NVM "'or "'non-volatile storage "'is a type of computer memory that can retrieve stored information even after having been computer storage devices ( e . g . hard disk drives, floppy disks, and magnetic tape ), optical discs, and early computer storage methods such as paper tape and punched cards.
25.
Note also that 1 M ( where M is ambiguously 1, 000, 000 or 1, 048, 576 ) is " less " uncertain than the engineering value 1.0e6 ( defined to designate the interval 950, 000 to 1, 050, 000 ), and that as non-volatile storage devices began to commonly exceed 1 GB in capacity ( where the ambiguity begins to routinely impact the second significant digit ), GB and TB almost always mean 10 9 and 10 12 bytes.
