Sweeping involves heating the crystal above 500 �C in a hydrogen-free atmosphere, with a voltage gradient of at least 1 kV / cm, for several hours ( usually over 12 ).
22.
Lying on the ground might not be a good itea because of the voltage gradient in the ground causing a difference of hundreds of volts between points a few feet apart.
23.
A gold leaf electroscope does not detect the relative volts between any two points along a voltage gradient, because the electroscope has only one probe ( the end of the rod ).
24.
In other words, the electroscope's rod ( a single probe ) does not remove electrostatic energy from a charged object, because the rod is not in contact with two points along a voltage gradient.
25.
All neurons are electrically excitable, maintaining voltage gradients across their ion pumps, which combine with ion channels embedded in the membrane to generate intracellular-versus-extracellular concentration differences of ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium.
26.
When an installation has two connections to Earth, a nearby high current lightning strike will cause a voltage gradient in the soil, presenting the ELCB sense coil with enough voltage to cause it to trip.
27.
Upon their first observed encounter, all C . carcharias were repelled at a mean ( ?std . error ) proximity of 131 ( ?10.3 ) cm, which corresponded to a mean voltage gradient of 9.7 ( ?0.9 ) V / m.
28.
However, lightning can also create dangerous voltage gradients in the earth, as well as an electromagnetic pulse, and can charge extended metal objects such as telephone cables, fences, and pipelines to dangerous voltages that can be carried many miles from the site of the strike.
29.
For example, when the electroscope's capacitor is charged, the entire rod will have a constant voltage level, with respect to the electroscope's base plate, similar to the zero voltage gradient within a long wire connected to a plate on any capacitor ( within an open circuit ).
30.
A shark's sensory organs are acutely sensitive to low-voltage gradients ( > 5 nVcm ), enabling them to detect very low-frequency electronic fields of between 1 8 Hz at short range, after which the other senses ( sight, chemoreception and mechanoreception ) aid the shark in capturing its prey.
