There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body surface.
32.
Transmission occurs by direct contact of infected and uninfected hosts, and also by active swimming of trichodinids from one host to another . " Trichodina " cells swim with the aboral surface facing forwards.
33.
These two species have different aboral spines and coloration which allows one to distinguish between the species . " Evasterias troscheli " may be confused with " Pisaster ochraceus " at times as well.
34.
The floats are not obvious in this species from Haeckel's description, and have not been formally described, although the strange hat-like structure on the hydrozoan's aboral side may have this function.
35.
Commensal associations sometimes play part on this echinoderm's life; animals such as " Periclimenes " shrimp are sometimes found commensally on the oral or aboral surface of the animal, picking up mucus and detritus.
36.
The stalk grows out of the " aboral " surface, which forms the upper side of the animal in starfish and sea urchins, so that crinoids are effectively upside-down by comparison with most other echinoderms.
37.
Paxillae are small pillar-shaped ossicles with flat tops sometimes found covering the aboral surface of sea stars such as " Luidia ", " Astropecten " and " Goniaster " that live underneath sediment.
38.
Lobates have eight comb-rows, originating at the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond the body to the lobes; in species with ( four ) auricles, the cilia edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in four of the comb rows.
39.
As a homeobox or Hox gene it plays a role in organization and differentiation along the axis of symmetry in the embryonic development of eumetazoans; in cnidarians, it appears to determine the position of mouth-facing ( oral ) and opposite-facing ( aboral ) sides of the organism.
40.
The sack-like body of the " Ber�e " species may be cylindrical in cross section, or compressed to varying amounts according to species, while " Neis " is somewhat flattened and characterized by a pair of trailing gelatinous " wings " that extend beyond the aboral tip.
