Part 2, advertisement, covers the methods of becoming conspicuous, especially for warning displays in aposematic animals.
32.
However, in areas where the model is scarce or locally extinct, mimics are driven to accurate aposematic coloration.
33.
Not all amphibians which display unkenreflexes possess aposematic coloring, nor do all amphibians display unkenreflex to the same degree.
34.
Cavernicolous ( cave-dwelling ) and subterranean species may lack pigmentation, and many tropical scolopendromorphs have bright aposematic colours.
35.
Once this leap has occurred, the mimic gradually evolves greater similarity to the model, which must already be aposematic.
36.
Many are well camouflaged; others are aposematic with bright colours and bristly projections containing toxic chemicals obtained from their food plants.
37.
The aposematic colours are most often some combination of red, yellow, black, white, whereas palatable animals are usually cryptic.
38.
Mimicry is to be expected as Batesian mimics with weak defences can gain a measure of protection from their resemblance to aposematic species.
39.
If the species was already unpalatable, predators might learn to avoid the cluster, protecting gregarious individuals with the new aposematic trait.
40.
If attacked by a predator, it arches its back to expose its brilliantly coloured aposematic underparts which give warning of its toxicity.
