Gas detectors are usually single pixel detectors measuring only the average dose rate over the gas volume or the number of interacting photons as explained above, but they can be made spatially resolving by having many crossed wires in a wire chamber.
32.
The new study says the average dose to the approximately 160 million people living in the country in that period was 2 rads, a unit that stands for " radiation absorbed dose " and refers to the amount of energy absorbed by flesh.
33.
This reduced the average dose on the surface of the cave below 10 mRem / hr . Hotspots still existed at the points closest to the source, but they were less than 50 mRem / hr, well within the 100 mRem / hr regulation.
34.
"But it's impossible to talk of an increase in the average dose to people, because the radiation background would have had to increase 1, 000 times to reach what we call dangerous limits, " said Yuri Ivanov, head of the radiation monitoring center for the exclusion zone.
35.
Gold said that that average dose of acrylamide in Sweden was the equivalent to one-700th of the dose of acrylamide that gives tumors to 10 percent of rats, a cancer risk similar to other naturally occurring chemicals in the diet like furfural, which is in bread and coffee.
36.
"Using standard models approved internationally " for estimating exposures to radioactive material, she said in an interview, a total burnup of Cassini and its plutonium in the atmosphere would cause a worldwide distribution of the material, and an average dose for those who might be exposed of 1 millirem of radiation over 50 years.
37.
An expert witness for the defense in forensic toxicology, Fredric Rieders, said the numerous tests done on Ms . Zion's blood, bile and urine and a nose swab suggested that she had snorted 100 milligrams of cocaine, an average dose, up to 16 hours before her death-- probably within a few hours before she went to the hospital.
