Although they weren't expected be involved in actual combat, several bishops became active military leaders; an example is Thurstan, Archbishop of York, who mustered the army that defeated the Scots at the Battle of the Standard in 1138.
32.
His 1864 book " The Battle of the Standards " was a campaign against the adoption of the metric system in Britain, and relied on results from his earlier book to show a divine origin for the British units of measure.
33.
The English on the other hand were massed into one dense column around a detached ship's mast topped with religious banners, giving to the battle its most famous name, i . e . " the battle of the Standard ".
34.
This work, dating from 1603 and known as " The Battle of the Standard ", was based on an engraving of 1553 by Lorenzo Zacchia, which was taken from the painting itself or possibly derived from a cartoon by Leonardo.
35.
More important is his " Historia de gestis regis Stephani ci de bello Standardii ", very valuable for the history of the north of England during the earlier part of the reign of Stephen, and especially for the Battle of the Standard.
36.
In the campaign of 1138, he led an army of Gaels that defeated a Norman English army at the Battle of Clitheroe, raising the hopes for the success of the royal army, hopes which failed to materialize at the Battle of the Standard.
37.
David may have been intending to enlarge his control of northern England when he fought at the Battle of the Standard, some of the soldiers of David's force being Cumbrians ( from south of the Solway-Esk line, that is ).
38.
This did not happen because Fergus, his sons, grandsons and great-grandson Alan, Lord of Galloway shifted their allegiance between Scottish and David, King of Scots in his invasion of England and led the attack in his defeat at the Battle of the Standard ( 1138 ).
39.
Whatever the case, if Fergus and David were involved in the abbey's endowment, the fact that it was colonised by Cistercians from Rievaulx suggests that it was somewhat of a penitential foundation in regard to the infamous Gallovidian contribution at the Battle of the Standard four years previously.
40.
When David's brother Alexander I of Scotland died in 1124, David chose, with the backing of Henry I, to take the Kingdom of Scotland ( Stephen and was able to expand his power in northern England, despite his defeat at the Battle of the Standard in 1138.
