The addition of betaine to polymerase chain reactions improves the amplification of DNA by reducing the formation of secondary structure in GC-rich regions.
32.
:choline + O 2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H + \ rightleftharpoons betaine aldehyde hydrate + H 2 O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin
33.
The addition of betaine has been reported to enhance the specificity of the polymerase chain reaction by eliminating the base pair composition dependence of DNA melting.
34.
The major limitation of the traditional Wittig reaction is that the reaction proceeds mainly via the erythro betaine intermediate, which leads to the Z-alkene.
35.
In particular, antiquitin localizes to the mitochondria in kidney and liver to contribute to the synthesis of betaine, a chaperone protein that protects against osmotic stress.
36.
The SLC6 family of proteins, which includes SLC6A18, acts as specific transporters for neurotransmitters, amino acids, and osmolytes like betaine, taurine, and creatine.
37.
Supplementing maternal mice with folic acid, vitamin B12, choline and betaine leads to increased levels of DNA methylation at CpG sites and causes a coat color change.
38.
It functions as an transporter, responding to changes in osmotic pressure by importing compatible solutes such as proline or glycine betaine; most substrates for ProP are zwitterions.
39.
Instead the related " 1, 1'- ( azodicarbonyl ) dipiperidine " ( ADDP ) is used of which the betaine intermediate is a stronger base.
40.
Intracellular accumulation of betaines, non-perturbing to enzyme function, protein structure and membrane integrity, permits water retention in cells, thus protecting from the effects of dehydration.
