In the August 1944 reorganization, he became joint head, with Seth Neddermeyer, of the G-5 Group, part of Robert Bacher's G ( Gadget ) Division specifically charged with betatron testing.
32.
Rolf Wider�e, Gustav Ising, Le?Szil�rd, Max Steenbeck, and Ernest Lawrence are considered pioneers of this field, conceiving and building the first operational linear particle accelerator, the betatron, and the cyclotron.
33.
They built an electron accelerator called Rheotron ( invented by Max Steenbeck at Siemens-Schuckert in the 1930s, these were later called Betatrons by the Americans ) to generate hard X-ray synchrotron beams for the Reichsluftfahrtministerium ( RLM ).
34.
Max Steenbeck, better known for his work on the betatron, had been working on a toroidal pinch device he called the " Wirbelrohr " ( " whirl tube " ) in an effort to produce a new type of particle accelerator.
35.
Baldwin " et al " made measurements of the yields of photo-fission in uranium and thorium together with a search for photo-fission in other heavy elements, using continuous x-rays from a 100-Mev betatron.
36.
In 1945 he went to the U . S . to further his study, and got his Ph . D . degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1950 with his graduation paper " Betatron characteristics of the MIT Synchrotron ".
37.
Dr . C . Clifton Ling, who succeeded Laughlin as chairman of the department of medical physics, said that his predecessor " supported advances in new technology and pioneered the used of the betatron, paving the way for modern radiation therapy ."
38.
At the U of Sasketchewan, research in photonuclear physics and medical radiation therapy undertaken with Canada's first betatron ( 25 MeV ) facility built in 1948 led to the development of a cobalt 60 apparatus by H . E . Johns and others.
39.
At the Granite City plant, General Steel x-rayed uranium ingots for the Atomic Energy Commission from 1958 through 1966 using two U . S . Government-owned Allis-Chalmers betatrons ( Magnetic Induction Electron Accelerators ) apparatuses on loan to the company.
40.
In 1952, shortly after arriving as a department head at Memorial Hospital, a forerunner of Sloan-Kettering, Laughlin helped acquire the institution's first betatron machine, a particle accelerator that had been developed for experiments in atom-smashing in nuclear physics.
