These alloys resist biofouling in open seas where they do not allow microbial slime to build up and support macrofouling.
32.
The biofouling resistance of Cu-Ni alloys enables heat exchange units to operate for several months between mechanical cleanings.
33.
Traditionally, marine biofouling has been prevented through use of biocides : substances that deter or eliminate organisms upon contact.
34.
Marine bryozoans are often responsible for biofouling on ships'hulls, on docks and marinas, and on offshore structures.
35.
Tributyltin compounds were once widely used as marine anti-biofouling agents to improve the efficiency of ocean-going ships.
36.
Galvanic coupling to less noble alloys and cathodic protection prevent copper ion releases from surface films and therefore reduce biofouling resistance.
37.
Besides interfering with mechanisms, biofouling also occurs on the surfaces of living marine organisms, when it is known as epibiosis.
38.
Some preliminary studies suggest that the effect of biofouling on energy absorption can be neglected but this has to be investigated further.
39.
The sponges take approximately two years to reach harvestable size, with free divers routinely removing seaweed and biofouling agents by hand.
40.
Bioburden is also associated with biofouling, where microbes collect on the surface of a device or inside of fan cooled equipment.
