When the beam electrons ( and scattered electrons from the sample ) interact with bound electrons in the innermost electron shells of the atoms of the various elements in the sample, they can scatter the bound electrons from the electron shell producing a vacancy in that shell ( ionization of the atom ).
32.
When the beam electrons ( and scattered electrons from the sample ) interact with bound electrons in the innermost electron shells of the atoms of the various elements in the sample, they can scatter the bound electrons from the electron shell producing a vacancy in that shell ( ionization of the atom ).
33.
Due to the nature of electrons to obey the Pauli exclusion principle, in which no two electrons may be found in the same quantum state, bound electrons pair up with each other, with one member of each pair in a spin up state and the other in the opposite, spin down state.
34.
As gas falls into the intergalactic medium from the voids, it heats up to temperatures of 10 5 K to 10 7 K, which is high enough so that collisions between atoms have enough energy to cause the bound electrons to escape from the hydrogen nuclei; this is why the IGM is ionized.
35.
Indeed, even if the photoelectric effect is the favoured reaction for a particular single-photon bound-electron interaction, the result is also subject to statistical processes and is not guaranteed, albeit the photon has certainly disappeared and a bound electron has been excited ( usually K or L shell electrons at gamma ray energies ).
36.
It is proposed that membrane-bound electron transfer is based on the conversion of two molecules of methanol and the concurrent formation of two molecules of the heterodisulfide CoM-S-S-CoB . First, the HdrABC / MvhADG complex catalyzes the H 2-dependent reduction of CoM-S-S-CoB and the formation of reduced ferredoxin.
37.
:If the original question regards a supersonic speed of a projectile "'in air "'- then indeed that speed ( and, more importantly, the acceleration that the projectile undergoes to attain that speed ) is too low to substantially perturb the bound electrons, or even the conductance band electrons that are not bound to any particular atom in metal parts of the projectile.
38.
Under the right circumstances, however, ( i . e ., when the electric field is strong enough ) the mobile electron and / or hole may be accelerated to high enough speeds to knock other bound electrons free, creating more free-electron-hole pairs ( i . e . more charge carriers ), increasing the current and leading to further " knocking out " processes and creating an avalanche.
39.
Evident from these characterizations is that while under the photoelectric effect bound electrons released from such photosensitive materials vary linearly with the frequency of the radiation, " that is for each incident photon an electron is ejected ", under the storage effect a photoconductive and photovoltaic phenomenon occurs where ( " apart from the liberation of electrons from metals " ) when photons are absorbed in a p-n junction ( in a semiconductor ) or metal-semiconductor junction, " new free charge carriers are produced ", ( photoconductive effect ) and where " the electric field in the junction region causes the new charge carriers to move, creating a flow of current in an external circuit without the need for a battery ", ( photovoltaic effect ) ( " The International Dictionary of Physics and Electronics ", N . Y . 1956, 1961, pp . 126, 183, 859-861, 863, 1028-1028, 1094-1095 ).
