Vanillin biosynthesis is generally agreed to be part of the phenylpropanoid pathway starting with L-phenylalanine, which is deaminated by phenylalanine ammonia lyase ( PAL ) to form t-cinnamic acid.
32.
Material from this species has been analysed, resulting in the identification of six triterpenes, one diterpene glycoside ester, six steroids, one flavonoid known as cirsilol, and six cinnamic acids derivatives.
33.
The 4-coumaric acid is again hydroxylated by cinnamate / coumarate 2-hydroxylase to yield 2, 4-dihydroxy-cinnamic acid followed by a bond rotation of the unsaturated bond adjacent to the carboxylic acid group.
34.
"' Cinnamic acid "'is an organic compound with the formula C 6 H 5 CHCHCO 2 H . It is a white crystalline compound that is slightly soluble in water, and freely soluble in many organic solvents.
35.
Phenolic acids such as p-coumaric and salicylic acid, cinnamic acid and hydroxybenzaldehydes such as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and vanillin can be isolated from in vitro culture of " S . spongiosa ".
36.
:: : " trans "-Cinnamic acid is cheaply commercially available, or can be made using aldol or malonic-ester reactions ( though I think the yield is often poor-- companies probably have patented an improved process ).
37.
Phenolic acids such as " p "-coumaric and salicylic acid, cinnamic acid and hydroxybenzaldehydes such as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin have been isolated from in vitro culture of the freshwater green alga " Spongiochloris spongiosa ".
38.
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase ( PAL, a . k . a . phenylalanine / tyrosine ammonia-lyase ) is an enzyme responsible for the transformation of L-phenylalanine or tyrosine into trans-cinnamic acid or " p "-coumaric acid respectively and ammonia.
39.
In some areas of Chile, propolis contains viscidone, a terpene from " Baccharis " shrubs, and in Brazil, naphthoquinone epoxide has recently been isolated from red propolis, and prenylated acids such as 4-hydroxy-3, 5-diprenyl cinnamic acid have been documented.
40.
The characteristics of these natural chemicals indicate a potential role of cis-cinnamic acid and its glucosides as allelochemicals ( chemicals, released from plants, that cause an interaction between plants and other living organisms ) for use as plant growth regulators and weed suppression in agricultural fields and in natural ecosystems.
