In most cases, a cognitive map exists independently of a mental map, an article covering just cognitive maps would remain limited to theoretical considerations.
32.
Specifically, pyramidal cells ( place cells, boundary cells, and grid cells ) have been implicated as the neuronal basis for cognitive maps within the hippocampal system.
33.
Thus, based on information from studies thus far, the cognitive map theory seems to be most supported and non-spatial theories may fail to take spatial components into account.
34.
Within directional cues, both explicit cues, like markings on a compass, as well as gradients, like shading or magnetic fields, are used as inputs to create the cognitive map.
35.
This experiment proved that rats have the ability to generate a cognitive map when exposed to their surroundings and can process this information when needed to complete a task.
36.
Several types of fish ( particularly goldfish ) have been shown experimentally to have strong spatial memory abilities, even forming " cognitive maps " of the areas they inhabit.
37.
The neural correlates of a cognitive map have been speculated to be the place cell system in the hippocampus and the recently discovered grid cells in the entorhinal cortex.
38.
The spatial theory was originally championed by O'Keefe and Nadel, who were influenced by E . C . Tolman's theories about " cognitive maps " in humans and animals.
39.
As Kardov puts it, Vukovar remains divided by an " invisible boundary line . . . inscribed only on the cognitive map of the members of one particular group ."
40.
However, there has been some dispute as to whether such studies of mammalian species indicate the presence of a cognitive map and not another, simpler method of determining one's environment.
