The cosmological argument is closely related to the principle of sufficient reason as addressed by Gottfried Leibniz and Samuel Clarke, itself a modern exposition of the claim that " nothing comes from nothing " attributed to Parmenides.
32.
With regard to other schools of apologetics, Clark suggested that the cosmological argument was not just unpersuasive but also logically invalid ( because it begged the question ), and he similarly dismissed the other Thomistic arguments.
33.
According to Michael Martin, Craig's revised argument is " among the most sophisticated and well argued in contemporary theological philosophy ", along with versions of the cosmological argument presented by Bruce Reichenbach and Richard Swinburne.
34.
St . Thomas Aquinas ( c . 1225 1274 ) presented several versions of the cosmological argument in his " Summa Theologica ", and of the teleological argument in his " Summa Contra Gentiles ".
35.
Defending Leibniz's argument against God's enduring for infinite time prior to creating the universe, and appealing to the kalam cosmological argument, Craig says that God exists timelessly and temporally since the moment of creation.
36.
He named this variant of cosmological argument the " Kalam " cosmological argument, from " Ilm al-Kalm " " science of discourse ", the Arabic term for the discipline of philosophical theology in Islam.
37.
He named this variant of cosmological argument the " Kalam " cosmological argument, from " Ilm al-Kalm " " science of discourse ", the Arabic term for the discipline of philosophical theology in Islam.
38.
The Kalam cosmological argument has received criticism from philosophers such as J . L . Mackie, Graham Oppy, Michael Martin, Quentin Smith, physicists Paul Davies, Lawrence Krauss and Victor Stenger, and authors such as Dan Barker.
39.
The article on cosmological argument cites Kaku's critical example on gas molecules, but I think the bouncing molecules or any such stuff moving in a Brownian motion pattern will never form something complicated and useful, unless driven externally.
40.
In the subsequent " Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology ", published in 2009, Craig discusses the properties of the cause of the universe, explaining how they follow by entailment from the initial syllogism of the Kalam cosmological argument:
