In an effort to address this complication, neurite outgrowths ( either axonal or dendritic ) in response to applied compounds have recently been proposed as a more accurate distinction between true neurotoxins and cytotoxins in an in-vitro testing environment.
32.
The company's prodrug technology renders the drug inactive until it encounters the programmed target, thereby delivering the cytotoxin directly to the cancer or the vessels that support it, while potentially avoiding the side effects associated with current chemotherapies.
33.
Venom in many snakes, such as pit vipers, affects virtually every organ system in the human body and can be a combination of many toxins, including cytotoxins, hemotoxins, neurotoxins, and myotoxins, allowing for an enormous variety of symptoms.
34.
After their B subunit binds to receptors on the cell surface, the toxin is enveloped by the cell and transported inside either through The mechanism pathways for the four AB5 toxins : cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, shiga toxin, and subtilase cytotoxin.
35.
One of the virulence factors of " C " . " difficile " that largely constitutes its resistance to antibiotics is its toxins : enterotoxin TcdA and cytotoxin TcdB . Toxins produce spores that are difficult to inactivate and remove from the environment.
36.
When exposed to these infected or dysfunctional somatic cells, effector CTL release perforin and granulysin : cytotoxins that form pores in the target cell's plasma membrane, allowing ions and water to flow into the infected cell, and causing it to burst or lyse.
37.
In children, a complication can be hemolytic uremic syndrome which then uses cytotoxins to attack the cells in the gut, so that bacteria can leak out into the blood and cause endothelial injury in locations such as the kidney by binding to globotriasylceramide ( Gb3 ).
38.
However, there are exceptions the venom of the black-necked spitting cobra ( " Naja nigricollis " ), an elapid, consists mainly of cytotoxins, while that of the Mojave rattlesnake ( " Crotalus scutulatus " ), a viperid, is primarily neurotoxic.
39.
Previous reports with purified toxins indicated that TcdA alone was enough to cause symptoms of infection and TcdB was unable to do so unless combined with TcdA . Earlier research established TcdA strictly as an enterotoxin, and TcdB as a cytotoxin, but later both toxins were found to have the same mechanism of action.
40.
Traitors skillfully employ advanced biotechnology to further their aims, and are known to employ fungal cytotoxins, DNA reverse transcription mutation agents ( to inject false memories and appearances in order to forestall recognition and testimony during interrogations ), as well as technology to petrify dead bodies in order to make up wall fortifications in far offworld planets.
