The specific dissociative state produced by ketamine is characterised by a sense of detachment from one's physical body and the external world that is known as depersonalization and derealization.
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The subject may have no fear of fast heart rate, hyperventilation or derealization, but may nevertheless feel terror, and it is the terror that may cause the other symptoms.
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Depersonalization-derealization is the single most important symptom in the spectrum of dissociative disorders, including dissociative identity disorder and " dissociative disorder not otherwise specified " ( DD-NOS ).
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Derealization can also be a symptom of severe sleep disorders and mental disorders like depersonalization disorder, borderline personality disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, dissociative identity disorder, and anxiety disorders.
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Examples of DDNOS include Ganser's syndrome, disorders similar to dissociative identity disorder, chronic dissociative states as a result of being exposed to coercive persuasion, and derealization unaccompanied by depersonalization.
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Though degrees of depersonalization and derealization can happen to anyone who is subject to temporary anxiety or stress, chronic depersonalization is more related to individuals who have experienced a severe trauma or prolonged stress / anxiety.
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Cotard's syndrome is usually encountered in people afflicted with a psychosis ( e . g ., schizophrenia ), neurological illness, mental illness, clinical depression, derealization, and with migraine headache.
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Another article by Morgan and his team looked at dissociative psychological effects of SERE techniques upon human subjects . ( Dissociation produces symptoms such as depersonalization, derealization, psychic or emotional numbing, and general cognitive confusion .)
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Panic attacks and anxiety can occur; also, delusional behavior may be seen, including somatoform delusions, sometimes accompanied by a depersonalization or derealization syndrome, where the patients begin to feel detached from themselves or from reality.
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While depersonalization involves detachment from one's " self ", individuals with derealization feel detached from their " surroundings ", as if the world around them is foggy, dreamlike, or visually distorted.
