Previous to the development of the ENIAC, the U . S . Army had employed women trained in mathematics to calculate artillery trajectories, at first using mechanical desk calculators and later the differential analyzer developed by Vannevar Bush, at the Moore School.
32.
:I must remind you that this was in the days before IBM . I went to see Professor Douglas Hartree, who had built the first differential analyzers in England and had more experience in using these very specialized computers than anyone else.
33.
Palevsky worked on the DA-1 differential analyzer option, which connected to the G-15 and resulted in a machine similar to the MADDIDA, using the G-15 to re-wire the inputs to the analyzer instead of the custom drums and wiring of the earlier machine.
34.
The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer, built by H . L . Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927, which built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H . W . Nieman.
35.
Nordsieck built a differential analyzer ( a form of analog computer ) in 1950 at the University of Illinois from $ 700 worth of surplus electronic parts left over from World War II . Copies became the first computers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Purdue University.
36.
The differential analyzer was based on the same principles as the pioneer machine developed by Vannevar Bush at MIT . It was installed in the first floor of the Institute for Theorethical Astrophysics at the University of Oslo, under leadership of Svein Rosseland who had visited MIT in 1933.
37.
Among the many machines discussed were the Harvard Mark I and Mark II, several IBM mechanical and electromechanical calculating machines, Bell Labs'relay based digital computers, ENIAC, EDVAC, the IAS machine, Whirlwind I and II, and EDSAC . The appendix covered a number of differential analyzer systems and examined their sources of errors.
38.
Herman Goldstine selected the programmers from women who had been calculating ballistics tables with desk calculators and a differential analyzer prior to and during the development of ENIAC . Under Herman and Adele Goldstine's direction, the programmers studied ENIAC's blueprints and physical structure to determine how to manipulate its switches and cables, rather than learning a programming language.
39.
At the Moore School, Eckert participated in research on radar timing, made improvements to the speed and precision of the Moore School's differential analyzer, and in 1941 assisted in teaching a summer course in electronics under the Engineering, Science, and Management War Training ( ESMWT ) offered through the Moore School by the United States Department of War.
40.
Herman Goldstine selected the programmers, then called " operators ", from the human " computers " who had been calculating ballistics tables with desk calculators and a differential analyzer prior to and during the development of ENIAC . Under Herman and Adele Goldstine's direction, the programmers studied ENIAC's blueprints and physical structure to determine how to manipulate its switches and cables, rather than learning a programming language.
