Pappenheimer was noted for his advances in the field of bacterial toxins and in particular for isolation and analysis of the diphtheria toxin for which he received Eli Lilly Award in 1941.
32.
Pappenheimer, who came from a family distinguished in medical research, isolated the diphtheria toxin in pure crystalline form as the senior chemist at the Massachusetts State Antitoxin and Vaccine Laboratory before World War II.
33.
A small amount ( 0.1 ml ) of diluted ( 1 / 50 MLD ) diphtheria toxin is injected intradermally into one arm of the person and a heat inactivated toxin on the other as a control.
34.
The first diphtheria vaccines were produced in 1914 from a mixture of diphtheria toxin and Merck where he would play a key role in the development of vaccines against measles, mumps, chickenpox, rubella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and meningitis.
35.
Saporin is not the only molecule that is used in this way; the enzymatic chain of ricin, the RIP gelonin, the enzymatic chain of Pseudomonas exotoxin, the enzymatic chain of diphtheria toxin have also been used, again with variations in success.
36.
Briefly, they cloned the pertussis toxin, mapped the antigenic epitopes using antibodies from individuals, who had the disease and or were vaccinated with the old whole-cell vaccine, and attached these antigenic peptides onto the diphtheria toxin as a carrier and adjuvant in one.
37.
The first appearance of mono-ADP-ribosylation occurred a year later during a study of toxins : corynebacterium diphtheria diphtheria toxin was shown to be dependent on NAD + in order for it to be completely effective, leading to the discovery of enzymatic conjugation of a single ADP-ribose group by mono-ADP-ribosyl transferase.
38.
To see whether the killer T cells are a cause or an effect of the abnormalities in psoriasis lesions, Dr . Krueger and his colleagues treated patients with a drug, made by Seragen Inc . of Hopkinton, Mass ., that hooks diphtheria toxin to the white blood cell hormone interleukin 2, or il2.
39.
In the study, published in the May issue of the journal Nature Medicine, Dr . Krueger and his colleagues gave patients with severe psoriasis, whose lesions covered essentially their entire bodies, an experimental therapy that consisted of diphtheria toxin hooked to a molecule that made it home in on a specific group of white blood cells.
